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·搜一搜.cn/追索"肉身坐佛" 时间紧难度大 村民请北京专家律师团赴荷兰

文物是属于全人类的财富，这一观点可能成为阳春村村民追索坐佛的“障碍”。
希望所有华人共同声援中国文物追索
【一图解读】向荷兰追索"肉身坐佛" 难度有多大?

村民能成为追索主体吗
 如果此次启动司法程序追索坐佛，首当其冲的问题就是诉讼主体。我国文物追索很久前就有因诉讼主体不适合而遭遇尴尬的情况。以2008年法国佳士得拍卖行公开拍卖圆明园流失的鼠首和兔首事件为例，当时由“欧洲保护中华艺术协会”作为原告起诉，由中国流失海外文物回归基金会发起投诉。而法国方面以“不论是协会或基金会，均只能代表机构本身，其无权代表中国，更不能代表公众利益，无权提起诉讼”的理由进行反驳，此种反驳意见当时在国际社会得到相当一部分人的认同，最终鼠首与兔首也并未通过司法途径成功回归。
 本次追索主体如果为福建省大田县吴山乡阳春村村民，那么该村村民是否可以作为适格的原告发起诉讼呢？根据物权保护的一般原则，主张返还原物者应当为物的所有权人，如果能够确认此次展出的坐佛确为阳春村被盗坐佛，那么阳春村村民系坐佛的原始持有人，依法应当是可以作为原告要求追索被盗坐佛的。
 但需要指出的是，当今包括文物界在内的众多业界的主流观点认为，文物是属于全人类的财富，这一观点可能成为阳春村村民追索坐佛的“障碍”。解读这一主流思想，核心意思不外乎是既然文物是属于全人类的，那么只要有合适的展览场所宣扬文物所属民族和国家的文化，有可观的研究经费对文物进行研究和保护，那就不应当拘泥于将流失文物返还其原属国。由此推论，坐佛是全人类的财产，阳春村村民诉讼主体资格以及返还主张在此观点下，似乎就变得有待商榷了。

文物追索有哪些法律依据
在村民们确认了坐佛的身份后，他们面临的下“一道关”将是以何种法律依据来追索坐佛？在国际公约方面，当前文物返还领域存在两个适用较为广泛的国际公约，分别是联合国教育、科学及文化组织于1970年通过的《关于禁止和防止非法进出口文化财产和非法转让其所有权的方法的公约》（简称1970年公约）以及国际统一私法协会于1995年通过的《关于被盗或非法出口文物公约》，但前者仅规范博物馆、图书馆和档案馆等文化机构收集藏品的渠道，无法约束个人藏品的取得途径；后者至今未被荷兰议会批准，因此目前在荷兰仅有参考价值，而不具备法律效力。
虽然两个重要的国际公约看似无法得到适用，但追索坐佛在国际条约方面也并非没有希望。有关专家表示，中国和荷兰均为1970年公约的缔约国，该公约是否适用本案，在很大程度上取决于两国政府合作调查后获得的证据；此外，即便国际公约适用存在一些法律障碍，但只要两国间达成适用的共识，对公约进行扩张性适用也是符合公约精神的。
除了国际公约，最密切联系地的法律也是重要的依据。国际私法的法律选择适用理论较为公认的是“最密切联系原则”，由于坐佛现持有人及所在地均为荷兰，故最密切联系地为荷兰，应当以荷兰当地法律作为准据法。
最新修正的荷兰民法典规定，如为善意取得，三年可取得动产所有权，十年可取得不动产所有权，但该法典第86条对文化财产进行了特别规定，要求作为文物商的购买人必须尽到尽职调查义务，否则不能称自己为善意购买人。而该法典对于占有取得的规定是，只要持续、公开、非暴力、未被争议地占有他人财物，期满三十年，便可取得该物所有权，而不必苛察文物持有者在获得财物时是否出于善意。
由于本次追索时间距荷兰收藏者声称的获得时间未满三十年，所以对坐佛的追索，确认现收藏者获得文物的方式至关重要。收藏者要主张自己取得坐佛为善意取得，应当提供完整的证据证明其是在正规的交易市场通过合理对价取得坐佛，方可以确认此种获取构成善意取得。反之，如果收藏者在明知或者有足够的理由及合理的怀疑，认为坐佛系被盗文物的情况下仍从上一家持有人手中获取该文物，则可以认定为“非善意”。此外，坐佛现任收藏者的职业也十分重要，如其系文物商，则需就购买文物尽到了比一般人严格得多的尽职调查义务，需要承担更多的举证义务。

延伸阅读
另辟蹊径追索是否可行
除了国际公约、国际司法的追索方式之外，是否还有其他可行性呢？坐佛在文物方面存在特殊性，它既是文物也是人类遗骨，所以在解决此问题上不仅单纯从法律层面或物质层面出发，还应当考虑到遗骨原属国人民的感情因素。
荷兰司法界、文化界等社会各界均认同“人类遗骸遗骨应返回其原属国”的道德原则。历史上荷兰政府亦曾两次向文物原属国归还遗骨文物，一次是2005年向新西兰归还了一具毛利人的头骨，另一次是2009年向加纳归还阿汉塔部族国王的头骨。因此如果此次阳春村村民以希望 “前辈遗骨”重归故里为由追索坐佛的话，在人文思想繁盛的荷兰可能会得到相当一部分人的认同。
随着中国国力的日益强盛，司法体制不断完善，中国近年来在文物追索方面的工作成绩是有目共睹的，越来越多的失踪文物已经陆陆续续返回了祖国。此次阳春村村民请愿依法追索坐佛，虽然追索之路可能困难重重，但这正是国民文物保护意识和法律意识觉醒的重要体现。

2015-11-12 腾讯大闽网 村民委托律师团赴荷兰起诉追索肉身坐佛 [匈牙利肉佛疑为三明被盗文物]
村民能成为追索主体吗 《肉身坐佛追索面临法律困境 村民或不能成追索主体》
http://www.chinanews.com/cul/2015/04-01/7174989.shtml

欧洲藏家索价2000万美元！大田“章公祖师”肉身佛还能回国吗
2015-11-16 三明日报


今天，农历十月初五，即公历11月16日，是“章公六全祖师” 诞辰日。
大田县吴山乡阳春村村民在村里举行了盛大的纪念仪式，庆祝章公祖师生日，盼其早日回归；
诞辰前夕，远在欧洲和荷兰的部分华人在阿姆斯特丹博物馆广场举行活动，庆祝章公生日，盼其早日归国。
备受关注的章公祖师肉身佛，在历时半年的民间交涉和外交途径之后，回国之路依然长路漫漫。目前，追索工作又有新进展：12日下午，阳春村村民正式委托一个由中、荷两国7名律师组成的律师团，通过司法诉讼途径追索“章公祖师”肉身佛。


收藏者态度前后反复：
提出要2000万美元赎买

章公祖师肉身佛事件始末

1995年，历代供奉于大田县吴山乡阳春村林氏宗祠普照堂大殿之上的“章公六全祖师”佛像被盗，此后杳无音讯。

2015年3月，有村民发现在匈牙利自然科学博物馆展出的一尊“肉身坐佛”极似被盗的“章公祖师”佛像。

此后，福建省文物局初步确认，这尊肉身坐佛应是20年前阳春村被盗的章公祖师像。国家文物局也在随后表示，将通过适当的渠道与这尊肉身佛的荷兰收藏者进行沟通，争取流失被盗的章公祖师像早日回到当地。

为了能让佛像回归，阳春村还成立了专门的理事会，通过公开信等方式与荷兰收藏者交涉。

追索工作的组织者之一、阳春村村民代表林文青告诉记者，荷兰收藏者曾发表声明称，如果肉身佛像确是阳春村被盗的“章公祖师”佛像，他愿意无偿让佛像回归故土。
但4月时，荷兰收藏者又表示民间交涉这个渠道不行，要通过官方进行商谈。于是，国家文物局开始通过外交途径进行沟通交流，但他态度却又变得反复。

如今，荷兰收藏者又提出了要2000万美元才肯“卖”肉身佛，并称这是20年来他对肉身佛研究和保管所花费的费用。

离有效诉讼限期只剩一个多月
阳春村村民决定打跨国官司

在外交途径和民间交涉均未果的情况下，阳春村村民决定采用司法途径追索肉身佛。

12日，由北京律师刘洋带领的律师团到达阳春村，正式接受村民们的委托，并开始按司法诉讼标准进行取证。

刘洋曾是“追索圆明园海外流失文物诉讼律师志愿团”的首席律师。他介绍，7人律师团包括一名荷兰律师和福建三明本地律师，其他人来自北京、贵州、广东等地，均为无偿义务工作。

荷兰民事诉讼有20年的“占有时效”约束，因荷兰收藏家称于1996年从香港购得佛像，如今，20年的诉讼期限即将截止，启动司法追索程序的有效时间只剩一个多月。

律师团队：已取得了相当有利证据
福建肉身坐佛追索律师团用整整5天时间投入到现场取证调查。律师团一行有感于证据链充实。

一幅上是章公祖师肉身佛像的完整照片，上面用英文写的文字是
“庆祝章公祖师诞辰，他被盗的肉身佛像现收藏在荷兰”，
另一幅是章公祖师像局部与上世纪80年代普照堂内佛像照片的对比图，
下部是“本堂普照章公六全祖师”逐字的英文释意，
上部的英文文字则是“祈祷遗失的中国文物章公祖师肉身坐佛回归中国”。

（三明日报大田记者站 颜全飚）欧洲藏家索价2000万美元！大田“章公祖师”肉身佛还能回国吗

福建阳春村村民跨国追讨“肉身坐佛”
预计年底向荷兰法院提起诉讼

　　新华社福州11月18日专电（记者刘姝君）福建省大田县阳春村村民代表近日与7位律师签订委托协议，标志此前备受关注的“章公六全祖师”肉身坐佛跨国司法追索正式启动。目前，相关取证工作已基本完成，预计年底会向荷兰法院提起诉讼。
　　今年3月，匈牙利博物馆展出一尊千年佛像，内藏有一名高僧遗骸，后经我国文物部门确认，该佛像系福建省大田县吴山乡阳春村1995年被盗的章公祖师像。继圆明园兽首艰难“回家”之后，追索“肉身坐佛”再次引发人们对海外流失文物的关注。
　　阳春村党支部书记林文青说，此前通过官方和民间渠道的交涉，文物追索初见成效，但后期荷兰持有者突然变卦，并索取高额的保管费用，对是否归还态度暧昧。于是村民便考虑通过司法诉讼的方式索要佛像。
　　律师团负责人刘洋曾是“追索圆明园海外流失文物诉讼律师志愿团”的首席律师，他表示，接受村民委托后，已从全国筛选招募了6名律师，包括1名会讲华语的荷兰律师和1名福建当地律师，组成律师团开展追索，目前已经完成在阳春村的取证工作。
　　“本案没有明显的弱点和障碍，对案件的前景还是比较看好。”刘洋分析，目前已掌握大量证据说明该佛像即为阳春村被盗佛像，原告阳春村村民与佛像有明显的利害关系，同时亦有强烈的要求返还的迫切性。
　　据悉，按照中国法律，案件的诉讼时效将在2015年12月16日之前截止，而荷兰民事诉讼亦有20年“占有时效”的约束。刘洋分析，按照持有者的声明，他于1996年获得“肉身坐佛”，2016年就20年期满，因此，追索工作时间比较紧张，律师团计划下月赴荷兰展开工作。

作者：记者刘姝君 福建阳春村村民跨国追讨“肉身坐佛” 预计年底向荷兰法院提起诉讼
http://epaper.tynews.com.cn/shtml/tywb/20151119/27789802.shtml

Chinese villagers hire lawyers to get Buddha statue back from Dutch

After eight months of patient, indirect and difficult contact with the Dutch collector, the villagers of Yangchun in south-east China's Fujian province failed to get back the mummy Buddha statue of Patriarch Zhanggong which was stolen in 1995 from the Puzhao Temple in their village. Now the villagers have hired a group of lawyers in hope of recovering the statue they claim belongs to them.
 
"I feel deep regret that there hasn't been any substantial progress in the return of the statue, I understand this is the circumstantial choice, although this process will be tough, and probably last for a long, unpredictable time. But I think, under these circumstances, the Chinese side still hasn't given up the possibility of consultation with the collector, we still place high hopes on a win-win solution to the disputes concerning the Buddha statue," Li Zhen, the overseas liaison officer in Hungary of Yangchun village for the Buddha statue issue told China Daily website.

"I still prefer consultation with respect to returning the Buddha statue to China. I call for dialogue and further negotiation to reach an out-of-court settlement", Li said.

Li also stated that he has to stand for the villagers and would provide assistance if they uphold the legal steps.

"I think there are many misunderstandings among the two sides. I was shocked when I read a certain Chinese press report saying that the Dutch collector's offer is 20 million USD. The Chinese Administration never disclosed any details of their contact with Mr. Oscar van Overeem to a third party, so this information was not from authoritative sources. I really don't know how that person in the village got such wrong data and how a Chinese newspaper quoted such eye-catching news on its online edition."

In fact, this is not the first time that the Chinese media delivered incorrect information. As early as March, Chinese press reported, "the Dutch private collector is willing to return the relic to China, if the statue is proven to be stolen from China".

Is it true? No. Because both the Chinese Administration and the civil channels have proven time and time again that the statue is the stolen one, but he has still yet to return it.

- See more at: http://news.asiaone.com/news/asia/chinese-villagers-hire-lawyers-get-buddha-statue-back-dutch#sthash.nVq7fuNj.dpuf

Buddha mummy owner will return it if rightful village owner is found: NRC
Society March 27, 2015

A Dutch private collector who owns a Buddha statue with a mummy inside it will return it to a Chinese village if it is proved to be stolen from there, the NRC reports.


The collector told the paper the Buddha can be returned if the original community which owned it is traced but that he will not hand it over to a Chinese state museum.


 Questions about the 1,000 year old Buddha’s ownership have arisen since it became the star item in a show at the Hungarian natural history museum in Budapest. Pictures of the Buddha were shown on a Chinese news programme, leading villagers in Yangchun to claim it had been stolen from their temple in 1995. However, the collector says he has photographic evidence it was already in the Netherlands at that time. He has since withdrawn the statue from the exhibition, fearing it could be stolen.


 Collector
 The NRC says the owner is currently researching the statue’s origins, including carrying out DNA tests. The owner, whose identity has been kept secret, claims to have bought it for 40,000 guilders (around €18,000).


 In a statement to Chinese news agency Xinhua, the owner said he bought it in 1996 from another collector who had acquired it in late 1994 or early 1995 from a Chinese artist friend. The statue’s secrets have gradually been uncovered over the past few years and cat scans were done in 2013 and 2014, revealing the skeleton.
 The Buddha has also been on display at the Drents Museum in Assen for some time.


Read more at DutchNews.nl: Buddha mummy owner will return it if rightful village owner is found: NRC
http://www.dutchnews.nl/news/archives/2015/03/buddha-mummy-owner-will-return-it-if-rightful-village-owner-is-found-nrc/

1000-YEAR-OLD CHINESE MUMMY GETS CT SCAN IN AMERSFOORT
Posted on Dec 9, 2014  by Janene Pieters

A special examination recently occurred in the Meander Medical Center. A nearly 1,000 year old mummy received a CT scan and had samples taken with an endoscope. Several hospital employees helped with this unique project in their free time.

The leader of this study is the Amersfoort resident Erik Bruijn, an expert in the field of Buddhist art and culture and guest curator at the World Museum in Rotterdam. Gastrointestinal and liver doctor Reinoud Vermeijden and radiologist Ben Heggelman received the Chinese mummy at the hospital for internal examination on September 3rd.
The mummy was part of the Mummies exhibition earlier this year and dates from the 11th or 12th century.

The mummy is the mummified body of the Buddhist master Liuquan, who belonged to the Chinese Meditation School. The discovery of the mummy is of great cultural significance. It is not only the only one of its kind, but also the only Chinese Buddhist mummy that is available for scientific research in the West.

With an endoscope made specially available by Surgical Technologies in Didam, Vermeijden took samples of a yet unidentified material and examined the thoracic and abdominal cavities. He made a spectacular discovery – among all kinds of rotten material in the space where there had one been organs, he found paper scraps that are printed with ancient Chinese characters. Heggelman took a CT scan that beautifully shows how the mummy looks inside and took samples of bone material for DNA testing.

The research will be published in the monograph that will appear on Master Liuquan. The mummy has since been taken to Hungary where it will be on display at the National Museum of Natural History in Budapest until May 2015.

http://www.nltimes.nl/2014/12/09/1000-year-old-chinese-mummy-gets-ct-scan-amersfoort/

福建村民将打跨国官司追讨“章公祖师”肉身坐佛

“章公祖师”肉身神像被盗后，村民们根据记忆，请人重制了的祖师身像(右侧佛像)。

法晚深度即时(统筹执行：朱顺忠 记者 王选辉 实习生 施远圻)今天上午法晚记者了解到，此前受国内外关注的福建大田肉身坐佛“章公六全祖师”追索工作又有新进展：大田县吴乡山阳春村村民委托5名中国律师和1名荷兰律师，将启动司法程序，追索现流失在荷兰的“章公六全祖师”佛像。

今年3月在匈牙利展出的一尊“肉身坐佛”，被认为是20年前阳春村被盗的“章公祖师”。3月底，福建省文物局初步确认，这尊肉身坐佛应是大田20年前被盗的“章公六全祖师”佛像。随后，国家文物局表示，将与部门协商开展追索工作。



今年4月，阳春村村民打出了“盼章公祖师早日回归普照堂”的横幅。

村民们想讨回这尊佛像，近半年来，通过政府间的交涉、海外华人团体等的努力，“章公六全祖师”佛像回家一事，曾取得过一定的进展，但因荷兰收藏家态度的不确定性，此事陷入了僵局。在经历了政府间交涉失败后，他们把最后的希望寄托在司法追索上。

此次义务律师团的成员刘洋律师曾是“追索圆明园海外流失文物诉讼律师志愿团”的首席律师。律师团包括一位会讲华语的荷兰律师和一位三明当地律师，其余来自北京、贵州、广东，他们都是义务加入了律师团的工作中。

目前6名律师已经到达大田县阳春村，做起诉前的证据准备。“目前我们正在开展前期准备工作，有充分的证据证明肉身坐佛就是我们的，但还是要按照一定的司法程序来准备，完善证据。”刘洋说，按照国际一般的涉外诉讼或跨国诉讼，每一个证据都需要做出公证。做完公证后，还要到当地(当事国)的驻华领事馆进行领事认证，证据在形式和内容上都要求比较严格。

今年4月，阳春村村民打出了“盼章公祖师早日回归普照堂”的横幅。

刘洋说，律师团成员研读了一下有关的《荷兰民法典》和《荷兰的民事诉讼法典》，参考《荷兰民事诉讼法典》有关于文物追索的一个特别规定。这个特别规定就是联合国教科文组织《1970年公约》，中国和荷兰都是签字国。“我们已经找到了具体的诉讼法律规定和他们荷兰的诉讼法相违和的地方。”刘洋对这场跨国官司充满信心，他认为目前的证据已经能形成一个有说服力的证据链。

负责此次追索工作的组织人之一、阳春村村民林文青向《法制晚报》记者透露，今天下午，村民代表将于律师团正式签订委托协议。签订协议后，村民会配合律师取证，之后获得大田县公证处及中国驻荷兰大使馆的认证后，就可以向荷兰的法院起诉。（国搜法治综合法制晚报报道）

http://law.chinaso.com/detail/20151116/1000200032711721447656355827988452_1.html

After eight months of patient, indirect and difficult contact with the Dutch collector, the villagers of Yangchun in south-east China's Fujian province failed to get back the mummy Buddha statue of Patriarch Zhanggong which was stolen in 1995 from the Puzhao Temple in their village. Now the villagers have hired a group of lawyers in hope of recovering the statue they claim belongs to them.
 
"I feel deep regret that there hasn't been any substantial progress in the return of the statue, I understand this is the circumstantial choice, although this process will be tough, and probably last for a long, unpredictable time. But I think, under these circumstances, the Chinese side still hasn't given up the possibility of consultation with the collector, we still place high hopes on a win-win solution to the disputes concerning the Buddha statue," Li Zhen, the overseas liaison officer in Hungary of Yangchun village for the Buddha statue issue told China Daily website.

"I still prefer consultation with respect to returning the Buddha statue to China. I call for dialogue and further negotiation to reach an out-of-court settlement", Li said.

Li also stated that he has to stand for the villagers and would provide assistance if they uphold the legal steps.

"I think there are many misunderstandings among the two sides. I was shocked when I read a certain Chinese press report saying that the Dutch collector's offer is 20 million USD. The Chinese Administration never disclosed any details of their contact with Mr. Oscar van Overeem to a third party, so this information was not from authoritative sources. I really don't know how that person in the village got such wrong data and how a Chinese newspaper quoted such eye-catching news on its online edition."

In fact, this is not the first time that the Chinese media delivered incorrect information. As early as March, Chinese press reported, "the Dutch private collector is willing to return the relic to China, if the statue is proven to be stolen from China".

Is it true? No. Because both the Chinese Administration and the civil channels have proven time and time again that the statue is the stolen one, but he has still yet to return it.

- See more at: http://news.asiaone.com/news/asia/chinese-villagers-hire-lawyers-get-buddha-statue-back-dutch#sthash.Hj4NR1d1.dpuf